After major revisions and expansions in 19, the IPA remained unchanged until the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989. Since its creation, the IPA has undergone a number of revisions. However, in 1888, the alphabet was revised so as to be uniform across languages, thus providing the base for all future revisions. For example, the sound ]] (the sh in shoe) was originally represented with the letter ‹c› in English, but with the letter ‹x› in French. Their original alphabet was based on a spelling reform for English known as the Romic alphabet, but in order to make it usable for other languages, the values of the symbols were allowed to vary from language to language. In 1886, a group of French and British language teachers, led by the French linguist Paul Passy, formed what would come to be known from 1897 onwards as the International Phonetic Association (in French, l’ Association phonétique internationale). 5.3 Affricates and double articulated consonants.3.4 Standard orthographies and capital variants.As of 2008, there are 107 letters, 52 diacritics, and four prosodic marks in the IPA. Occasionally letters or diacritics are added, removed, or modified by the International Phonetic Association. For example, the sound of the English letter ‹t› may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter, t, or with a letter plus diacritics, t̺ʰ, depending on how precise one wishes to be. IPA symbols are composed of one or more elements of two basic types, letters and diacritics. To represent additional qualities of speech such as tooth gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a cleft palate, an extended set of symbols called the Extensions to the IPA may be used. The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are distinctive in spoken language: phonemes, intonation, and the separation of words and syllables. The IPA is used by foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech pathologists and therapists, singers, actors, lexicographers, conlangers and translators. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. Template:Selfref Template:Infobox Writing system For other uses, see IPA (disambiguation).
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