![]() In this study, we evaluated the cell proliferation and gene expression of activated primary human hepatic stellate cells (HHSteCs) under simulated microgravity (SMG). In recent years, research has been conducted to develop new medical treatments by simulating environments existing in space, such as zero-gravity. This research study represents one of the first studies evaluating effects of electron exposure and bioelectricity onboard the ISS and in space. Maintaining electrical equilibrium and optimal +/-ions holds potential to increase astronaut reaction time by 50-100+ millisec, improve sleep quality, inhibit cancer cells, reduce dizziness/headaches and other observed symptoms in uG and in space environments. By analysing existing blood and urine samples of astronauts in 2023, biomedical analysis measures mitochondria oxidative stress & respiration before, during and after spaceflight. ![]() With a data and knowledge gap on polarity of air molecules on ISS since 1970s, the proposed on orbit experiment would measure the polarity of ions (+/-) with two 420g Air Ion Counters and two portable air ionisers to neutralise + ions from electronics,and ionise or add e-to up to 582 bn O2-ions of 388m^3 on ISS. This literature review investigates effects on electron transport chains(ETC), oxygen diffusion, and subcellular pathways. As CoQ10 increases Complexes I and II to transfer electrons down mitochondrial ETC, less available electrons from lack of O2-or NAIs and high PAI could help explain mitochondrial membrane disturbance and RBC oxidative stress. As 75% of human energy and ATP production comes from CoQ10 enzyme, which is downregulated in microgravity on ISS, mitochondria have difficulty producing ATP. As O2+ measures 1860 and O2- at 1145 λ /cm-1 with high O2 + environments, mitochondria scavenge for up to 3e- instead of 2e- to produce H2O from (2O2- + 2H + → H2O2 +O2) with SOD and peroxidase enzymes. Without Negative Air Ion (NAI) sources to produce O2-, linear models estimate 2bn+ less electrons (e-) per day on ISS and 60bn+ less e-per month with 500-1500 positive air ions (PAI) per cm^3 from electronics on ISS, introducing environment of long term electrical disequilibrium without any + to - charge dissipation currently. Organisms evolved on Earth for billions of years primarily in electrically balanced environments as air & surface grounds life. Further investigation focused on the application of nanomaterials may help to increase understanding of how to treat or minimize the effects of microgravity. The investigation of cell proteome highlighted how simulated microgravity affects a relatively low number of proteins compared to time and/or osteogenic factors and has allowed us to reconstruct a hypothetical pipeline for cell response to simulated microgravity. We found novel proteins were dysregulated under simulated microgravity, including CSC1-like protein, involved in the mechanotransduction of pressure signals, and PTPN11, SLC44A1 and MME which are involved in osteoblast differentiation pathways and which may become the focus of future translational projects. ![]() Our results show that osteogenic differentiation is reduced while energy metabolism is promoted. In this work, for the first time, we adopt a multidisciplinary approach to characterize the morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes underlying the response of human bone marrow stromal cells to long-term simulated microgravity exposure during osteogenic differentiation. Ground-based microgravity simulators are crucial to study the effect of microgravity exposure on biological systems and to address the limitations posed by restricted access to real space. Microgravity-induced bone loss is a major concern for space travelers.
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